Behavior Theory -- the big picture

So, lets back up a bit to the big picture behind Behavior Therapy -- Behavior Theory.

• Behavior Therapy is the application of techniques intended to create behavioral changes that are based on the principles of the conditioning theories of learning.
• These are characterized by multiple theories and techniques.
• The foundation is in Pavlov's classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's Social Learning theaory.
• Skinner: behavior can be empirically investigated only through the measurement of observable behavior
• Withholding reinforcement = extinction
• This paradigm also includes Cognitive Behavior approaches
• All behavior is learned and can be defined and changed
• Change occurs by rearranging "contingencies of reinforcement" - altering what happens before and after the behavior

Social Learning Theory: Comprised of 3 elements

1. Target Behaviors (the target of change)
2. Anticedent behaviors or events (events that precede the behavior)
3. Consequences (events that follow the behavior)

Behavior Therapy Paradigm A-B-C

A (anticentent) ->B (behavior) -> C (consequences)

• In treatment the client(s) must identify DESIRED behaviors not just the undesired

Key Terms

• Coercive Process - negative reinforcement, the termination of a behavior (threats) upon occurrence of the desired behavior (compliance)
• Information processing- acquisition, storage and utilization of information (includes perception, language and memory).
• Beliefs and Belief Systems- ideas attitudes and expectations about self, others and experience
• Self Statements- private monologues that influence behavior and feelings
• Problem solving and coping - conceptual and symbolic processes involved in arriving at effective responses to problematic situations.

Behavioral Social Work Practice: goal is to increase desireable behavior and decrease undesirable behavior so the client can improve daily functioning.

• Focus on the here and now
• Build on client strengths
• Etiology of behavior is not investigated
• Traditionally a diagnostic label was not pursued and thought of as stigmatizing but with current approaches, there is more integration of diagnostic classifications (likely due to requirements from insurance companies)
• Build a strong therapeutic relationship
• Involve the client as much as possible in each step of the assessment/intervention

Assessment steps:

1. Identify problematic behavior (perception of who does what)
2. Identify priorities, antecedents & consequences
3. Identify contingencies
4. Identify recurrent patterns
5. Secure a commitment
6. Begin to identify targets (desireable behaviors)
7. Discuss possible targets
8. Allow time for all family members to present concerns (if applicable)
9. When targets are established, set conditions for a baseline measure
10. Determine if assessment indicates a change, does one or more participants require more attention (i.e. should it be couples therapy rather than family therapy?)

Implementation

1. Identify target behaviors
2. Establish new antecedents
3. Establish new consequences
4. Formulate a written contract
5. Follow up call
6. Reference contract, any changes require a consensus from family/clients
7. Check tally (in families parents usually tally target behaviors) provide positive reinforcement
8. Discuss problems between sessions
9. Conflict resolution
10. Evaluate program design
11. When target behaviors reach desired frequency, move toward termination

Termination

1. Evaluate progress
2. Set conditions for maintenance
3. Review basic learning principles
4. Have family continue tally for 4 weeks
5. Set up appt at 4 weeks for termination and f/u

Summary

• Very helpful for anxiety, depression, phobias, addiction, sexual dysfunction, relationship issues.
• Often paired with systematic desensitization
• Most recommended treatment for Phobic Disorders
• Also indicated for social skills training, hyperactivity, developmental problems
• Interventions must consider cultural issues and differences
• Empirically validated
• Sometimes combined with pharmacotherapy
• Need to maintain a record of what approaches work most effectively with what problems

Adapted from Social Work Treatment by Francis J. Turner, 4th Ed.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

I recently took the practice test that came in the ASWB Clinical Exam study guide and highlighted all of the terms/theories that I needed to brush up on. This led to me researching Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. The title above links to a great website for the New Zealand Centre for Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy. (I may be a bit partial to the Kiwis as I am married to one). The basics of REBT are as follows:

Developed by Dr. Albert Ellis in the 1950s, in REBT the focus is on the client's beliefs. REBT is one of many Cognitive Behavioral therapies. REBT proposes a "biopsychosocial" causation of human feelings and behavior. The premise is that almost all emotions and behaviors are a result of what we think, assume or believe (either about ourselves, others or the environment around us). REBT also accepts that a person's biology also plays a part and there are limitations to how much a human being can change. REBT is an "active-directive" therapy.

Ellis used an ABC model to illustrate the role of cognition:

A - the actual event or experience and the persons "inferences" or interpretation of it

B - the "evaluative" beliefs that follow

C - the emotions /behaviors that follow the evaluative beliefs

Example:

A - the waiter did not offer to show me the dessert menu (activating event)

A - the waiter must think I am fat and don't need dessert (inferences)

B - I am disgusting, worthless, I have no self control (evaluation)

C - Feeling depressed, go home and binge on oreos (emotional, behavioral reaction)

This can create a chain reaction where "C" becomes "A" triggering another episode. To achieve lasting change you must modify the underlying core beliefs.

Irrational thinking: a thought that blocks a person from achieving their goals, creates extreme emotions that immobilize and harm oneself and others. It distorts reality (misinterpretation not supported by available evidence). It contains illogical ways of self evaluation and evaluating others. REBT practitioners often refer to beliefs as "self defeating" to highlight that the main reason for replacing the belief is because it is negatively affecting their life.

Ego disturbance: an upset to the self image as a result of holding onto demands about one's self followed by negative self evaluations. (I must do _, When I fail I am worthless). Discomfort disturbance results from demands of others & the environment. This comes as Low frustration tolerance (LFT) demanding that frustration not happen and catastrophising when it does. Also Low discomfort tolerance (LDT) demands that one not experience emotional/physical discomfort and catasrophising when discomfort occurs. LFT & LDT leads to "discomfort anxiety", worrying, avoidance of potentially stressful events/circumstances, secondary disturbance (anxiety about having anxiety), short-range enjoyment (alcohol/food abuse, shopping -- instant gratification), procrastination, negativity and complaining.

People live by "core beliefs" that guide how they react to events. (i.e. I need love and approval from those around me -- I must avoid disapproval). There are three main levels of thinking 1) Inferences 2) evaluations 3) Core beliefs

Other key terms:

Awfulising: exaggerating the consequences of past/present/future events.

People-rating: overgeneralization where a person judges their (or someone else's) entire worth by a specific trait or behavior.

Some "selectively eclectic" Techniques:

Double-standard dispute: If the client has a "should" belief, ask if they would expect someone else (best friend, therapist) to believe the same. Help them to see the double standard.

Catastrophe scale: Have the client place stressful events on a scale amidst other events such as having to do a chore, find a new doctor, divorce, losing a loved one, major earthquake etc.

Devil's advocate/reverse role playing: therapist adopts the clients belief and argues for it.

The "blow-up" technique: ask the client to imagine a fear and then blow it out of proportion until it becomes almost amusing.

Exposure: Prescribing the client engage in a situation (after preparation) that they would usually avoid (speed dating) to test validity of fears, increase tolerance, develop confidence.

Shame attacking: confronting the fear of shame by asking the client to deliberately act in ways that they fear will attract disapproval.

Goals & Process of REBT:

• Creating an awareness of the effect of beliefs/thinking on behavior.
• Highlight relevant beliefs
• Teach the client to dispute/change irrational beliefs -- often using the ABC format and extending it to D (Disputing) and E (new Effect)
• Prescribing homework that actively practices disputing self defeating beliefs, inferences and evaluations.

Adapted from "A Brief Introduction To Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy" by Wayne Froggatt

Erickson's 8 stages of Psychosocial Development

Main premise: a series of conflicts must be resolved throughout our development so we can attain a healthy personality.

1. Infant (birth to 18mos) Trust vs. Mistrust: learns to trust self, environment
2. Toddler (18mos to 3yrs) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: learns to believe in him/herself
3. Preschool (3 to 5) Initiative vs. Guilt: learns to take initiative in play rather than mimicking
4. Latency State (6 to 12) Industry/Competence vs. Inferiority: learns that he/she is capable and able to accomplish
5. Adolescence (12 to 18) Identity vs. Role Confusion: searches for individuality from environment
6. Young Adult (19 to 40) Intimacy vs. Isolation: searches for meaningful relationships
7. Middle Adult (40 to 65) Generativity/Productivity vs. Self Absorption or Stagnation: search for meaning through intergenerational communication
8. Late Adulthood (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair: looking back with either feelings of accomplishment or despair

Human Development (Psych 101 ... dusting off the cobwebs)

Development (how we grow)

2 types of development

• Learning (nurture) -- environmental influences


• Maturation (nature) -- genetic/biological influences

Critical Periods: early development periods during which particular experiences are essential.

Stages: organization of behaviors/thoughts during particular early periods of development defined by relatively abrupt change.

Physical Development

1. Infant stage: baby born with reflexes (automatic behavior: startle, sucking). Vision nearsighted, interested in novelty. Smiles at 4-6 weeks in response to faces. Rhythmic "conversations".
2. Adolescence: more myelination of the frontal lobes may allow for improved self control. Biological development - increased hormones, sex organs develop, growth spurt. Intellectual - formal operational (abstract reasoning), independence, questioning.
3. Aging: older adults experience decline in short-term memory and attention. Transition theories - unanticipated, anticipated, non event, chronic hassle. Major Milestones - starting out, marriage or living alone, parenthood, empty nest, midlife crisis, retirement widowhood.

Social Development: Developing how we relate to others

Attachment: emotional connection between infant and caregiver

1. Harlow's monkey studies: showed the fear of unknown fosters attachment. Monkeys preferred soft, cuddly surrogates even if they did not have food. Monkeys raised w/o mothers were socially incompetent, aggressive and unable to raise their own babies.

3 styles of Attachment (Ainsworth)

1. Secure - warm relationship, baby does not fear abandonment
2. Resistant - close relationship, but baby fears abandonment
3. Avoidant - distant relationship, baby/child indifferent to whether mother is present

Socialization: process by which one acquires the patterns of behavior of their society.

Parenting Styles: (parents are one source of socialization)

1. Autocratic: parents strict, rigid, require obedience and conformity
2. Authoritative: reciprocal (most effective): parents are firm but fair, make & enforce rules, allow questions and encouraged appropriate independence
3. Permissive: parents do not make rules or enforce them

More to come!

Adapted from Bar Charts Quick Study Academic: Psychology and Sparkcharts Psychology.

First Post! Narrowing down the area of study

So, as I am preparing for the Washington LICSW exam I have found that
a) It has been a very long time since college/grad school (or it feels that way)
b) There is so much POTENTIAL material for test questions
c) I need direction! Otherwise I surely will study all the things that I will never get a test question about.

Here it is -- after poking around on the ASWB website, the content areas of the test! I am keeping these in mind and using them as a guide.

Human Development 22%
Diversity 6%
Diagnosis and Assessment 16%
Psychotherapy/Clinical Practice 16%
Communication 8%
The Therapeutic Relationship 7%
Professional Values and Ethics 10%
Clinical Supervision, Staff Development 4%
Practice Evaluation, Utilization of Research 1%
Service Delivery 5%
Clinical Practice Management 5%